Hardware Overview (Atari 2600)

The Atari 2600 has several models. For now I will focus on the PAL Woody version.

The top PCB contains the physical switches, the RF module and the voltage regulator.

Power comes into the top PCB from the 9V DC jack on the motherboard, through the wire harness on pin 2 (usually red wire). This 9V enters the LDO 5V regulator through the power switch on the top PCB and the regulated 5V power goes back to the motherboard via pin 1 (pink wire) and another pin 11 (grey wire) used for the RF power.

The other 5 switches send the pins to ground to signify them being "on". The left and right difficulty setting, the black and white mode, the game select and game reset signals.

The top board also joins pin 10 (brown wire) to ground, which is absent on the motherboard not connected to ground, and sends a ground signal to the audio and joystick/button hex buffer chip. To bypass the top board completely you can short pin 10 to ground on the motherboard and apply 5V directly to the pin 1 (pink wire).

The motherboard contains the MPU (main processor), the RIOT (RAM) and the TIA (video processor) chips, along with joystick connectors, DC jack and various other passive components.